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The Research Behind the Formulas

Every ingredient in every N&O LLC product is backed by published, peer-reviewed research. Here is a curated library of that research, organized by condition.

Transparency is not a marketing claim. It is a commitment.

We do not ask you to take our word for it. We ask you to read the research yourself. Every citation on this page links to a peer-reviewed study published in a recognized medical or scientific journal and indexed on PubMed or PubMed Central — the same databases used by clinicians, researchers, and pharmacists worldwide.

Each condition below includes featured clinical studies, plus a live PubMed search link for deeper research into any ingredient or topic.

Condition One

Weight Loss & Metabolic Health

Prescription GLP-1 medications have transformed weight management — but they are expensive, carry significant side effects, and cause rebound weight gain when discontinued. A growing body of research shows that specific botanical compounds activate many of the same metabolic pathways: GLP-1 secretion, insulin sensitivity, gastric emptying, thermogenesis, and appetite regulation.

Key ingredients studied: Berberine · Ceylon Cinnamon · Fenugreek · Green Tea EGCG · Forskolin · L-Carnitine · Gymnema Sylvestre · Saffron · Ashwagandha · 5-HTP · White Kidney Bean · Grains of Paradise · Capsicum

Featured Peer-Reviewed Studies
Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders · 2013

Effect of berberine administration on metabolic syndrome, insulin sensitivity, and insulin secretion

Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Berberine 500mg three times daily produced 36% remission of metabolic syndrome, significant decreases in waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, triglycerides, and increased insulin sensitivity.

Pérez-Rubio et al. · PubMed ID: 23808999
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Pharmaceuticals · 2025 Comprehensive Review

Berberine: A Rising Star in the Management of Type 2 Diabetes — Anti-Inflammatory, Metabolic, and Epigenetic Mechanisms

Comprehensive literature review through 2025. Demonstrates berberine's multi-target effects on glucose metabolism, insulin signaling, pancreatic beta-cell protection, and induction of GLP-1 secretion — the same pathway prescription GLP-1 agonists act on.

PMC: PMC12735998
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American Journal of Chinese Medicine · 2024

Berberine Metabolites Stimulate GLP-1 Secretion by Alleviating Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Dysfunction

Study confirming that berberine metabolites berberrubine and palmatine significantly increase glucose-stimulated GLP-1 secretion from intestinal L-cells — the exact cells that produce the body's natural GLP-1 hormone.

Yang et al. · PubMed ID: 38351702
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Frontiers in Pharmacology · 2024 Meta-Analysis

Efficacy and safety of berberine on metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials

Meta-analysis of multiple randomized placebo-controlled trials confirming berberine improves glucose, triglycerides, HDL, insulin resistance, and weight parameters — establishing strong clinical evidence for metabolic applications.

PMC: PMC12307485
Read the meta-analysis →
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Condition Two

Cognitive Decline & Brain Health

Cognitive decline begins decades before symptoms appear — as mitochondrial efficiency drops, neuroinflammation rises, and nerve growth factor production slows. The research on medicinal mushrooms and adaptogens demonstrates genuine neuroprotective and neurogenic effects, supporting both daily cognitive function and long-term brain health.

Key ingredients studied: Lion's Mane Mushroom · Reishi · Chaga · Turkey Tail · Cordyceps · Ashwagandha (KSM-66®) · Ginkgo Biloba · Gotu Kola · Turmeric · Matcha Green Tea · Moringa · PurePQQ® · NMN

Featured Peer-Reviewed Studies
PMC · 2025 Narrative Review

Lion's Mane Mushroom (Hericium erinaceus): A Neuroprotective Fungus with Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antimicrobial Potential

Comprehensive narrative review of Lion's Mane research. Highlights its capacity to stimulate nerve growth factor (NGF) synthesis — a key molecule in preventing and managing neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. Erinacines have demonstrated the ability to cross the blood-brain barrier.

Contato & Conte-Junior · PMC: PMC12030463
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Nutrients · 2023 · Randomized Controlled Trial

The Acute and Chronic Effects of Lion's Mane Mushroom Supplementation on Cognitive Function, Stress and Mood in Young Adults

Double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in 41 healthy adults. A single 1.8g dose of Lion's Mane produced significantly faster Stroop task performance 60 minutes post-dose. 28-day supplementation showed trends toward reduced subjective stress.

Docherty et al. · PubMed ID: 38004235
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International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms

Neurotrophic properties of Lion's Mane medicinal mushroom (Hericium erinaceus)

Foundational study demonstrating that Lion's Mane aqueous extract combined with nerve growth factor (NGF) produced a 60.6% increase in neurite outgrowth in neuroblastoma-glioma cells — the biological mechanism underlying its cognitive and neuroprotective effects.

PubMed ID: 24266378
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Frontiers in Nutrition · 2025

Acute effects of a standardised extract of Hericium erinaceus on cognition and mood in healthy younger adults

Double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study. Discusses Lion's Mane's role in monoaminergic pathways, neurogenesis, neurotrophic factor expression, and anti-inflammatory effects via modulation of IL-6, TNF-α, and NF-κB pathways.

Frontiers in Nutrition · 2025
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Condition Three

Multiple Sclerosis & Neuroinflammation

Current MS disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) reduce relapses and slow lesion formation, but no approved medication directly repairs damaged myelin or restores mitochondrial function in the central nervous system. The research on specific botanicals — curcumin, boswellia, black seed, quercetin — demonstrates meaningful effects on the three core MS mechanisms: neuroinflammation, demyelination, and mitochondrial dysfunction.

Key ingredients studied: Curcumin (95% curcuminoids) · Boswellia Serrata · Black Seed (Nigella sativa) · Quercetin · Vitamin D3 · Vitamin K2 · Lion's Mane · Gotu Kola · NMN · PurePQQ® · CoQ10 Ubiquinol

Featured Peer-Reviewed Studies
Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · 2021 · Clinical Trial (NCT01514370)

CONTAIN Trial: Curcumin as add-on therapy in Active Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis treated with Interferon beta-1a

Randomized controlled trial in 80 active relapsing MS patients, 24-month follow-up. Findings suggested curcumin added to IFN β-1a therapy improved radiological signs of inflammation on MRI, providing early clinical evidence for curcumin's role in MS inflammation management.

Petracca et al. · PubMed ID: 34583214
Read the clinical trial →
International Immunopharmacology · 2018 · Clinical Trial

Nanocurcumin is a potential novel therapy for multiple sclerosis by influencing inflammatory mediators

Human clinical trial of nanocurcumin in MS patients. Results demonstrated that nanocurcumin inhibits neuroinflammation by modulating Th17 cell function, cytokine expression, and microRNA profiles — addressing core immunological drivers of MS disease progression.

Dolati et al. · PubMed ID: 30340096
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Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences

Curcumin as a therapeutic candidate for multiple sclerosis: Molecular mechanisms and targets

Review detailing curcumin's mechanisms in MS: inhibition of proinflammatory cytokine secretion, modulation of Th17 cell overactivation, suppression of STAT-1 and NF-κB pathways, and protection against oxidative stress. Explains why curcumin is one of the most studied natural compounds in MS research.

PubMed ID: 30536381
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Molecular Neurobiology · 2021 · Review

Targeting Nuclear Factor-Kappa B Signaling Pathway by Curcumin: Implications for the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis

Comprehensive review of curcumin's downregulation of NF-κB and downstream gene targets including COX-2, TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-6. Establishes the molecular rationale for curcumin's anti-inflammatory effects in MS and related autoimmune neurological diseases.

PubMed ID: 34331683
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Journal of Neuroimmunology

Polymerized nano-curcumin attenuates neurological symptoms in EAE model of multiple sclerosis

Preclinical study in EAE (experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis) — the standard animal model for MS. Polymerized nano-curcumin decreased disease scores in both therapeutic and prophylactic administration, with histologically confirmed reduction in demyelination, oxidative stress, and improved myelin repair.

PubMed ID: 26211978
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Condition Four

Mitochondrial Health & Cellular Longevity

Mitochondrial decline is now recognized as a foundational driver of aging and age-related disease. The research on NAD+ precursors (NMN), mitochondrial biogenesis activators (PQQ), and electron transport co-factors (CoQ10 Ubiquinol) shows direct and measurable effects on cellular energy production, DNA repair pathways, and oxidative stress reduction.

Featured in: Cognitive & Longevity Protocol (Mitochondrial Restore)

Key ingredients studied: NMN (Uthever® Beta-Nicotinamide Mononucleotide) · PurePQQ® (Pyrroloquinoline Quinone) · CoQ10 Ubiquinol · Resveratrol · L-Carnitine

Featured Peer-Reviewed Studies
Search PubMed for More →
Condition Five

Women's Health & Hormonal Support

Women's herbal medicine has centuries of traditional use backed by an increasing body of clinical research — for menstrual health, menopausal transition, uterine health, and hormonal balance. The ingredients in our women's formulas are selected based on published evidence for their specific hormonal pathways.

Featured in: Women's Guardian & Red Raspberry Leaf products

Key ingredients studied: Evening Primrose Oil · Dong Quai · Red Clover · Black Cohosh · Chasteberry (Vitex) · Red Raspberry Leaf

Featured Research Collections
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N&O LLC Clinical Documents

Original patient guides, protocol documents, and clinical references authored by Dr. Jones. Each document synthesizes the research above into practical clinical tools — drug interaction matrices, dosing protocols, patient education materials — written with the same clinical rigor as the formulas themselves.

How to read research on PubMed.

PubMed is the U.S. National Library of Medicine's database of peer-reviewed medical and scientific literature. Every study we cite links to its official PubMed or PubMed Central (PMC) entry. When you click a study, you will see the abstract — a summary of the research methodology, results, and conclusions. Many studies link to the full text, either on PubMed Central (free) or through the publishing journal.

Study types to look for: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are the gold standard — they compare an active treatment to a placebo with random assignment. Meta-analyses pool results from multiple RCTs and provide the strongest evidence. Systematic reviews and narrative reviews summarize the existing literature. Preclinical studies (in vitro or animal) suggest mechanisms but do not prove human efficacy alone.

A note on herbal research: Herbal medicine research faces unique challenges that pharmaceutical research does not. Ingredients vary by source, extraction method, and standardization. Study doses may differ from commercial products. We prioritize standardized, branded ingredients (KSM-66®, Uthever®, PurePQQ®, BioPerine®) precisely because their research is reproducible.

Always consult your healthcare provider before starting any supplement regimen, especially if you are taking prescription medications or have a medical condition. Research is the foundation — your clinician is the guide.

Ready to see the formulas behind the research?

Every N&O LLC product page explains exactly what's in the formula and how the research translates into therapeutic dosing.

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*These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. These products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. Consult your healthcare provider before starting any supplement regimen, especially if you are taking medications or have a medical condition.